![]() ![]() However, the assessment of cognitive function with these tools is incomplete and insensitive to mild cognitive impairment due to the relative simplicity of these scales. Many cognitive function assessment tools are available, including the Taiwan Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and AD8 Dementia Screening Interview. Ĭognitive function assessment is one of the valuable clinical skills used to screen for cognitive impairment and assess the severity of a disease. However, the underlying disease mechanisms remain largely unknown, as NP symptoms are nonspecific, clinically validated biomarkers for diagnosis are nonexistent, and NP diagnosis is difficult, often leading to palliative rather than therapeutic protocols. Several studies have estimated that up to 75% of patients with SLE experience NP manifestations, including mood disorders, confusion, headache, and cognitive dysfunction, which significantly degrade quality of life and affect the survival of patients. ![]() Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) is a manifestation of SLE associated with severe neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes, including various neurological and psychiatric features. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and immune complex deposition, culminating in destructive injuries to multiple organs, including central nervous system (CNS). These results demonstrated that F-T3 and F-T4 might be clinical biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction in SLE. Serum F-T3 and F-T4 levels were both positively correlated with four indexes of cognition (language was the exception), while serum APOE levels were negatively correlated with line orientation scores, APOA1 levels were positively correlated with coding scores, and IGFBP7 levels were negatively correlated with figure copy scores. However, the serum APOE levels were negatively correlated with line orientation scores, and APOA1 levels were positively correlated with coding scores. Furthermore, serum protein levels of APOE and APOA1 showed no difference between the high- and low-cognition groups. Serum F-T3 and F-T4 levels positively correlated with cognition. For low-cognition patients, the levels of albumin, F-T3 ( P < 0.05) and F-T4 decreased, while D-dimer, anti-dsDNA antibody, and IgM levels increased. ![]() The patients with SLE with abnormal cognitive function were less educated than the HCs. Serum levels of APOE, APOA1, IGF-1, and IGFBP7 in 81 patients were detected by ELISA, and the correlation between these four proteins and cognition was analysed separately. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were compared moreover, correlations between serum HDL-C, LDL-C, F-T3 and F-T4 levels and cognitive function were analysed. MethodsĪ total of 121 patients with SLE and 65 healthy controls (HCs) at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital completed a cognitive function test, and 81 SLE patients were divided into a high-cognition ( n = 33) group and a low-cognition group ( n = 48). This study aimed to investigate whether cognitive dysfunction in patients with SLE was related to the expression of serum thyroid hormone and lipoprotein levels. Dyslipidaemia and thyroid symptoms, which are prevalent in SLE patients, have both been related to neuropsychiatric disturbances, including significant psychiatric and cognitive disturbances. Cognitive dysfunction is a typical clinical feature of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Neuropsychiatric manifestations occur in up to 75% of adult systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and are one of the major causes of death in SLE patients. ![]()
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